Predicting forest dieback in Maine, USA: a simple model based on soil frost and drought

نویسندگان

  • Allan N.D. Auclair
  • Warren E. Heilman
چکیده

Tree roots of northern hardwoods are shallow rooted, winter active, and minimally frost hardened; dieback is a winter freezing injury to roots incited by frost penetration in the absence of adequate snow cover and exacerbated by drought in summer. High soil water content greatly increases conductivity of frost. We develop a model based on the sum of z-scores of soil frost (December–February) and drought in summer (May–September) that accurately predicts timing and severity of dieback on sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.), Betula spp., Fraxinus spp., and red spruce (Picea rubens Sarg.) in Maine, USA, during 1920–1995. Discrepancies between predicted and actual dieback relate largely to tree population dynamics. Extraordinary levels of dieback on Betula during 1935–1950 occurred under low stress but in mature populations; under high climate stress during 1951–1975, younger surviving Betula proved resistant and showed little dieback. Severe dieback in Acer stands during 1975–1995 may relate to extensive partial cutting, leaving stands open to frost and high water tables. Widespread use of forwarder feller/buncher and wheeled skidders after 1960 commonly left hummocky, irregular surfaces subject to pooling and accelerated frost penetration. Silvicultural applications include modifying harvesting practices to minimize frost complications and use of the model to track and map climatic risk to avoid conditions and locales subject to dieback. Résumé : Les racines des feuillus nordiques sont peu profondes, actives en hiver et à peine endurcies au froid; le dépérissement est le résultat de dommages aux racines dus au gel hivernal qui pénètre dans le sol à cause d’un couvert nival insuffisant et ces dommages sont aggravés par la sécheresse estivale. Une teneur en eau élevée dans le sol augmente grandement la conductivité du gel. Nous avons élaboré un modèle basé sur la somme des écarts réduits du gel dans le sol (décembre à février) et de la sécheresse estivale (mai à septembre) qui prédit correctement le moment et la sévérité du dépérissement d’érable à sucre (Acer saccharum Marsh.), de Betula spp., de Fraxinus spp. et d’épinette rouge (Picea rubens Sarg.) dans le Maine de 1920 à 1995. Les divergences entre les dépérissements prédits et réels sont surtout reliées à la dynamique des populations d’arbres. Un dépérissement très sévère de Betula, de 1935 à 1950, est survenu dans des conditions de stress léger mais dans des populations matures. Dans des conditions de stress climatique sévère, de 1951 à 1995, de jeunes tiges de Betula qui ont survécu se sont avérées résistantes et ont subi peu de dépérissement. Le dépérissement sévère dans les peuplements d’Acer, de 1975 à 1995, est possiblement relié aux nombreuses coupes partielles qui ont rendu les peuplements plus vulnérables au gel et favorisé la remontée de la nappe phréatique. L’usage généralisé des abatteuses porteuses ou groupeuses et des débusqueuses à roue après 1960 a fréquemment laissé des surfaces irrégulières, avec des bosses et des creux, sujettes à l’accumulation d’eau et à la pénétration plus rapide du gel. Les applications sylvicoles incluent la modification des pratiques de récolte afin de minimiser les complications reliées au gel et l’utilisation de modèles pour détecter et cartographier les risques climatiques dans le but d’éviter les situations et les endroits sujets au dépéris-

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تاریخ انتشار 2010